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Burning a limit to the deficit in the marble of the law. The suggestion was made by Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 during the presidential campaign. Then was taken in late 2009, a budget minister Eric Woerth, seduced by the German example. The topic should be discussed Thursday at the Elysee Palace during the conference on deficits. How, specifically, would this be possible?

The Germans themselves have already taken action. They have set a goal rigorous balance of public finances on an entire economic cycle and have entered into their constitution. Clearly, the German deficit will not exceed 0.35% of GDP in 2016.

Pass such a law in France could reassure the markets. They are concerned about the explosion of public debt. Rating agencies have already warned France that it would quickly present a plan resorption deficits.Otherwise, goodbye note prestigious Triple A allowing Paris to borrow very cheaply.

Eric Woerth, in his first statements, believed that coercion should be entered in a text of a range exceeding the classical law. The minister was thinking of an organic law? This type of text is in the legal hierarchy between the statute and the constitution. "I'm not sure that new legislation limiting deficits to this level would change the deal because all the existing provisions," argues Sophie Baziadoly, lecturer in public law at the University of Cergy-Pontoise.

Already copntraintes

Entering the euro zone, France has already pledged not to show a deficit above 3% of GDP bad credit payday loans . A rule regularly flouted.Nationally, the planning law, passed each year, limiting the increase in government spending to inflation. But this is not a legal rule, rather rule management. If it is not respected, there are no penalties.

The organic law will probably not solve these problems. "Like any law, it can be applied … or not, so it's purely symbolic," says Michel Bouvier, Professor at University Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne and director of the Association for the International Foundation of Public Finance (Fondafip ). "The only serious solution is to fix the balance in the constitution." Follow the German example, in short.

But is it really desirable? This solution "removes responsibility policies and limits their freedom of action in the future," said Michel Bouvier. According to the university should instead strengthen fiscal transparency, streamline the budget.One area where France did not blush. For if it is bad in terms of student debt is one of the best in the world for the transparency of public finances, according to the International Budget Project. Still, this does not seem to be enough today to reassure the markets.

See also:

"The tax loopholes in the sights of Sarkozy

"The government is tackling the deficit reduction

"The French are concerned about debt

INFO FIGARO – As data traffic on mobile explodes, Bolloré Telecom, WiMax champion, believes more than ever the future of broadband Internet wirelessly. Reportedly, the company, a subsidiary of the Bollore Group, has just bought the operator Altitude WiMax licenses of Alsace and Burgundy regions. With this investment, Bolloré Telecom, chaired by Dominique Roux and directed by Marc Taieb, now holds WiMax licenses throughout the country.

In 2006, the company had already won 12 regional licenses for 78 million euros after an extensive bidding. Then in June 2008, she had acquired from TDF's WiMAX licenses in 8 regions.With the two licenses that it just bought at Altitude, Bollore Telecom won the Grand Slam: he is now the only operator with Free, to have national coverage.

In 2006, the telecom regulator (Arcep) was awarded two WiMax licenses by region. Besides Bolloré Télécom, SFR also holds WiMax licenses in two major regions: the Island of France and Paca, Altitude is always a dozen, and several regional councils as they are in Burgundy, Corsica, Brittany and Poitou Charente.

The deployment of Wimax has been delayed, as is often the case with new technologies in telecommunications. But many traders remain convinced of its usefulness. First to cover areas where we can not put fiber optics. WiMax can provide broadband signal wirelessly to institutions (stations, airports, marinas, universities …).It already provides mobile functionality can be later mobility. This technology will also certainly be additional frequency bands classic mobile (3G, 4G …) which, given the explosion of data traffic, arriving almost a saturation in some cities. Finally, the technology of the wireless Internet is extremely useful in developing countries: while they have no or little wired network, WiMax is affirmed to be the best way to bring Internet.

Donor associations to support innovation through investment, are multiple ways to reduce taxes. It exists in all twenty-eight provisions for entitlement to tax reduction and five, along with a tax credit. Some of them, especially heavy, can hardly be implemented before the end of the year. However, for latecomers, here's ten tracks explore before December 31 to reduce your next tax (1).

1 – Make donations to associations

It is very easy to reduce taxation by being generous. Donations to associations or organizations for aid to individuals qualify for tax reductions: 75% of payments made to organizations that assist people in difficulty (capped at 510 euros). For other donations, public organizations, for example, 66% of payments will be deductible up to 20% of taxable income.On the income statement, it suffices to mention the donations in the box UD (asssocaitions providing housing or meals) and the UF box for all other institutions.

2 – Prepare your retirement

Think of his old age is also a way to reduce the tax bill. The tax incentive savings plan retirement populaire (PERP) allows employees to accumulate savings for their retirement. Money deposited in this area may indeed be deducted from total income in respect to a ceiling that appears on the last tax assessment. For example, an employee whose marginal tax bracket is 30%, which is investing 100 euros on the PERP, save 30 euro tax. At the time of retirement, the savings will be restored as an annuity.

"About the PERP

3 – Helping innovative companies

By participating in a common fund for investment in innovation (FCIC) or an Investment Fund proximity (FIP), you can reduce your taxes. Your shares are eligible for a tax reduction of 25% of the amount subscribed, capped at € 12,000 (single) or 24,000 euros (couple). Most major banking networks selling such products. Units must be kept for at least 5 years.

4 – Investing in French cinema

And why not support culture? The capital of Sofica (Society for the financing of film) qualifies for a tax reduction of 40% or 48% if certain conditions are met. The basis for calculating the reduction is limited in the double limit of 25% of total net income and 18,000 euros.It should move towards a service asset management of a bank or a specialized firm, the product remains quite rare and confidential. Securities purchased must be conversation 5 years.

5 – Investing in forestry

Soaring prices facing the forest for 3 years makes it a very interesting investment. Especially since the sales or purchases of shares of forestry groups qualify for a tax reduction of 25% calculated on an annual ceiling of 5,700 euros (single) or EUR 11,400 (couple). Units must be held 8 years.You can also invest directly in land acquisition in natural woods and forests and barren land to be afforested (within 3 years), to establish a management unit of at least 5 hectares in a single taking.

Subsequently, and subject to achieve a management unit of at least 10 hectares in one piece, you can receive a tax cut for forest 25% of annual expenditure capped at 6,250 euros (single person ) or € 12,500 (couple). Warning, you must agree to retain the land for 15 years and to apply a management plan approved by the Regional Center Property Forest.

6 – Benefit of tax credits for your work

All those who are reluctant to work in their primary residence may be motivated by thinking of the tax credit they will receive.Insulation work, installation of devices to control heating, condensing boiler or heat pump are eligible for tax credits. The work must be performed by a professional who can provide information on the characteristics of the equipment to receive the credit calculated at 25%, 40% or 50% of the amount and nature of expenditure (excluding labor, except for insulation).

Warning: This tax credit is characterized by a multi-year ceiling of 8,000 euros (single) or 16,000 euros (couple) plus € 400 per dependent, ceiling covering all expenses paid in 5 consecutive years between 01/01/2005 and 31/12/2012. This tax credit was extended to expenses paid by the owners for their commitment to housing rent naked as a principal residence for at least 5 years.

»More

7 – Subscribe to capital for SMEs

You have a friend or relative who wants to create or strengthen the equity of a company. Your subscription to the capital you will receive a tax reduction of 25% ceiling on payment of 20,000 euros (single) or EUR 40,000 (couple). If your purchase exceeds those limits, the excess is reported in the same limits on the following 4 years.

8 – Doing work in bare ownership

Your parents have proceeded to share their property and you are bare owner of the house they occupy as usufruct. If you make major repairs in this house, you can deduct from your total income to a maximum of 25,000 euros with the possibility of deferral of excess expenditure over 10 years.If you take out a loan and that you have income from property, interest will be deducted from the said land revenue.

9 – Focus on real estate rental

The devices' depreciation Robien refocused and Borloo "will no longer apply to new houses acquired from 01/01/2010. It is still possible to opt for these devices if the act of purchase is signed before December 31, even if the delivery takes place later (acquired in the future state of completion).

On the device "Scellier, the draft Budget Act 2010 should tighten the conditions for applying a reduced advantage for purchases of homes for rent that would not meet the standard" Building Low Energy Consumption "(BBC ). The rate reduction should be reduced to – 20% for dwellings built or acquired in 2010, and – 15% from 2011.For homes purchased or built in 2009, the rate reduction, 25% will be maintained. For homes respecting the BBC's standard rates, tax cuts remain unchanged, ie 25% in 2010 and 20% in 2011 and 2012. Very interesting for tax exemption, the accumulation of Scellier Robien and should be considered in certain cases. So why give up when you can combine the devices?

10 – Have the reflex Internet if not already

If for 2009 you decide first to declare your return electronically, you will be allocated a tax cut to 20 euros.Having paid your third-looking check does not prevent the reduction provided that you agree with the declaration in line with the deadlines set by the following levies or electronically.

(1) Caution: the tax benefits mentioned (except the bare ownership) are capped at 25,000 euros plus 10% of net taxable income subject to progressive rates.

"Read the special dossier Taxation 2009

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Morel Gervais is co-author of "Taxation, investment and tax cuts" (Ed UK.gif Edition).

After rising prices of cafes and restaurants in November and revealed Tuesday by INSEE, they were not going to Bercy auspiciously. Yet, while recognizing that these figures are not up to the commitments, Herve Novelli has not enjoined Tuesday to go further in the final statement he prepared to lower the VAT in catering. Aware of the difficulties of independent schools, the secretary of state for trade and was merely asking restaurants to moderate their rate increases at inflation for the year 2010.

The prices charged by restaurants and cafes have indeed increased by 0.1% in November, according to Insee, an increase equivalent to that recorded by all consumer prices.A study of services Bercy, 55% of restaurants only have indeed lowered their prices in line with commitments made in consideration of the reduction in VAT. In total, since 1 July 2009, a rate cut by the restaurants alone amounts to 1.41%, while that seen in cafes amounted to 0.95%, INSEE showed. These figures are actually far from the 3% who had committed coffee shops since July.

If the price cuts and hiring remain "midway" of stated goals, Herve Novelli Welcomes however, the wage agreement reached Monday by the social partners in the sector.Described as "historic" for the many benefits it provides to employees – annual premium of 500 euros, two days of additional leave, starting salary grid systematically 1% above the minimum wage … – it remains fragile, the main employers' organization has so far refused to sign.

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The signs shown on video games is too little known and not visible enough by the Secretary of State for Family, Nadine Morano. Such written statements and pictograms should enable parents to identify the particular minimum age recommended for each game and its degree of violence. "We see too many young people have easy access to shelves of video games most violent, most dangerous and which are not of age and pass without any difficulty to cash" deplored Nadine Morano Thursday on RMC / BFM .

Logos PEGI (Pan European Game Information, http: / / www.pegi.info/fr/) are not mandatory but all three major console manufacturers (Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft) do not play these unstamped European symbols in their catalog.They lay one hand a minimum recommended age (3, 7, 12, 16 and 18) and may also include potentially offensive content (violence, coarse language, sex …). So far only 4% of the games listed are recommended for over 18 years, against 12% for over 16 years and 24% for over 12 years. But this classification is only for information purposes only, with no binding and it is still very poorly understood by parents. While virtually all of 6-17 years practicing video games, only 21% of parents know the signs PEGI according to an Ipsos.

In this context, the secretary of state for family wants better information for parents as well as in-store packaging or on the internet for online sales.Furthermore, she asked that the information referring to the risk of epilepsy for players who stay too long behind their screens are visible on the packaging. In turn, in a statement, the union of the publishers of entertainment software (SELL) "surprised at the positions of the minister who go against the European trend. Considering about Nadine Morano as "a repudiation of the work carried out over the years by professionals in the game, the SELL stresses that" the development of new signage could upset consumers who are accustomed to standards PEGI " .Believing he had been hitherto neither listened nor heard by the Minister's Delegate General SELL Jean-Claude Larue complains: "Nadine Morano stigmatizes these digital entertainment with high potential without apparently having studied the matter seriously."

As for the National Union of Family Associations (UNAF), she believes it is important to build on the PEGI logos and raise awareness. "The signage could probably be improved, says Olivier Gerard support new technologies to UNAF, but it is essential to help parents to decide and justify whether their decision to buy a game" for go further in the discussion and discuss the game in all its aspects the association has launched with eight other partners a section dedicated to him on his sitewww.pedagojeux.fr.

Warren Buffett appears on the asset markets. The American billionaire accelerates its positions, as evidenced by the amount of shares of its holding company Berkshire Hathaway, which jumped 15.6% in three months, reaching $ 56.6 billion at the end of September. The investor has almost doubled its particular contribution (up 90%) in the giant U.S. supermarket chain Wal-Mart, according to documents sent Tuesday to the SEC, Constable Exchange overseas.

After this increase, Warren Buffett owns 37.8 million shares of Wal-Mart, or 0.97% stake in Arcelor. The leading global distribution on Thursday presented the results for the third quarter better than expected, but he was cautious about its outlook for the holiday season, and all of its fourth quarter.Wal-Mart, which weighs 205 billion dollars to the New York Stock Exchange, plans to pay shareholders more than $ 4.2 billion in dividends for fiscal 2010, which ends late January. The group also announced this summer it will spend $ 15 billion for share repurchases, which contributes to support the title on Wall Street, where it currently is trading against 53.53 dollars.

Nestle, Exxon Mobil, Travelers and Wells Fargo seduce Warren Buffett

Among other paris of American billionaire is Nestle. Warren Buffett has indeed acquired 3.4 million shares of Swiss food group, which has therefore 0.09% of the shares.The Oracle of Omaha already has a stake in rival Kraft, which recently launched a bid for the British confectioner Cadbury rejected by the latter for being too low, which has revived speculation about Nestlé, which some would well tried his luck to turn on Cadbury.

But Warren Buffett has eased its position in ConocoPhillips by 10%. The billionaire has therefore now 57.4 million shares of the oil, that is to say 3.87% of the shares. In this sector, he also took an initial stake in Exxon Mobil, buying 1.28 million shares, or 0.027% of the capital of the oil. For the first time, he entered the capital of the insurer Travelers, which acquired 3.4 million shares.

During the quarter, Warren Buffett has also conducted an operation in the banking sector, emerging more or less difficult of the crisis.It has strengthened its 3.6% stake in the bank Wells Fargo, which now owns 313.4 million shares, or 6.69% of capital.

The activity of billionaire American markets continued after the end of the third quarter. Warren Buffett has announced November 3 last it would acquire all 77.4% of capital it does not already own in Burlington Northern Santa Fe This acquisition represents the group's rail investment estimated at 44 billion dollars.

MPs begin Tuesday in plenary review of the draft budget law for 2010, amid record deficit. Nothing says that the extra growth – the government speaks with a GDP increase of 0.75% to 1%, while the budget is built on a figure of 0.75% – will change all that. But it's finally on other issues that the debates promise to be agitated in the Chamber, as the tax shield and business tax. The controversy during consideration of the text of the Finance Committee gave a preview! The project will then move to the Senate before final adoption in December.

■ The tax shield dispute

At a time when deficits fly, this device is increasingly challenged even within the majority. Why? Because, by definition, the beneficiaries of the shield to escape any tax hike.The tax shield in effect allows a taxpayer to cap the amount of taxes and charges, including CSG and CRDS, 50% of its income. Amendment of UMP deputies Warsmann Montchamp and offers out of the CRDS shield. A two-stage strategy: its authors do not hide that, if passed, the goal is then to propose during the budget "Safely", raising the CRDS to repay part of the social debt of 2009 and 2010. Still, this scenario is unlikely. For the Elysée refuses to touch the shield. "We will rally the troops," said the entourage Gilles Carrez, UMP general rapporteur of the Finance Committee of the Assembly.Last week, this body has rejected narrowly, an amendment of the New Center to remove the CSG, CRDS and local taxes shield.

■ Shooting together on niches

The centrist MP Charles de Courson propose an amendment to the capital gains from sales of securities are subject to tax on income from the first euro transfer, and not from 25 730 euros. But Gilles Carrez wants only the CSG and CRDS apply the first euro. Stay tuned also: the carried interest, that Charles de Courson wants to tax on income. It is the share of capital gains made by investment funds back to their leaders. Furthermore, proposals abound to lower the overall ceiling of tax loopholes (now at 25 000 euros plus 10% of income).Gilles Carrez should dam.

■ Imbroglio around the "tax pro"

Its abolition is unanimous. But the distribution of levies to replace the "tax pro" turns puzzle. The Finance Committee of the Assembly has cleared the ground, expanding the basket of revenue assigned to municipalities. The associations of local elected officials are not yet satisfied. Charles de Courson propose an amendment to the department recover a share of CSG. An idea rejected by Bercy.

■ A carbon tax consensual

This is another great innovation fiscal 2010: a "super TIPP" to encourage them to consume less energy. Ironically, critics have quickly vanished on the same principle. The amendments concern and should instead focus on compensation to households and certain sectors such as agriculture.But what changes will be marginal.

"Tax Shelter: Eric Woerth opened a new overall ceiling

The "fad" of the most influential parliamentary budget

Philippe Marini, UMP general rapporteur of the Finance Committee of the Senate Appropriations photo: Le Figaro

Since the crash of flight AF 447, unease is evident among the drivers of the company that does not include the communication of their company and how has managed the replacement of pitot probe implicated in the crash of Flight Rio Paris.

Until last week, supervision of drivers, the so-called NTP managers (technical crews), had remained quiet on the subject and several of his leadership. But since Thursday afternoon, breaking seems consumed. Reportedly, a special meeting was held at the headquarters of the company among the 50 most senior executives of the company NTP and Pierre-Henri Gourgeon, CEO of Air France-KLM and Rovetto Gilbert, executive vice president flight operations, that is to say, the head of security at Air France.This meeting was intended precisely to flight safety in the company and the lessons learned from the disaster of flight AF 447. In the opinion of those present, this type of meeting is very rare for Air France and dictated by circumstances and difficulties experienced by the company.

According to our information, Pierre-Henri Gourgeon announced the organization of regular breakfasts with drivers to be aware of their concerns and demands. The boss of Air France has also confirmed that all probes pitot Airbus A320 would be replaced.

"We did not ask the moon"

However, disappointment was palpable among NTP managers present at the meeting which lasted all afternoon. This is the first time that many of them give up their duty of confidentiality to complain that nothing has been done since the disaster of flight AF 447."We have not been listened to, this explains a part in the meeting. Our drivers expect significant changes, particularly in terms of training. "All managers now speak with one voice to demand a thorough reform of flight safety," said another frame this Thursday. The management kicked into touch. "

But executives NTP ask more. They have demanded such an audit of the company in terms of safety that is led by executives of KLM and Delta, two airlines combined, and that they can have access to all levels of information within Air France -KLM."Our pilots are among the best in the world and yet we have more accidents than our competitors," says one part NTP. "Contacted by Le Figaro, the management of Air France said his side" does not comment on internal meetings "but notes that" the purpose of this meeting was just to put everything on the table following the crash of flight AF 447. The meeting did not at all hectic.

Strengthening the security of flights at Air France is a recurring theme in the company since June and the accident of flight AF 447. The pilots union of Air France (SPAF) and Alter, another organization of pilots, have cleverly captured the subject. They call and be put in place a "permanent monitoring unit" that can have access to air safety reports (ASR), reports written by the pilots after the incident.In their view, such a cell might be more reactive during the first incidents of Pitot probes and encourage their replacement without waiting for the accident flight AF 447.

"We did not ask the moon, but management does not want to hear," Arnoux said Gerard, president of SPAF. The union, which was received with Alter on the subject last October 2, has been opposing an end of inadmissibility. Both unions have written Monday Gourgeon to alert again on the subject. "This is a final notice," says Gerard Arnoux. Afterwards, we will have to file a notice of strike. "So far, neither the date nor the duration of a possible social movement have been discussed.

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Interest rates continue to decline. On October 14, they fell 0.10% to 0.20% compared to September in all regions and all periods of credit, the broker finds loans in its new barometer. The most pronounced declines were registered in Eastern and Northern. In detail, on average, rates on fifteen-year fall to 3.95%, and twenty years, to 4.05%, respectively accusing a decrease of 0.10% and 0.15% compared to last month. What attract future buyers! For example, a couple borrowed 200,000 euros in twenty years will earn 35,520 euros if he buys now, with a rate to 4.05% compared to October 2008 (with a rate of 5.40%). The least expensive region is the South West with 3.90% in fifteen years and 4% in twenty years. Empruntis also notes that the gap between regions is reduced: 0.5% between the cheapest and most expensive.This result can be explained by the fierce competition that will deliver major networks and regional mutual funds.

In his memo on the economy published earlier this week, the Fnaim believes that "out of financial crisis, improved conditions for distribution of mortgage loans to households is favorable to borrowers." Lower interest rates of nearly 130 basis points since November 2008 makes it possible to compensate the shortening of the duration of loans observed since 2008. This decrease is the "welcome" because it constitutes "a sort of remission for the poorest households, previously convicted of certain debt on to almost three quarters of the time devoted to their careers."

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